Well free essay sample

Katey Sagal, the actress who plays Peg Bundy on Married With Children, has just released her new album, Well. Although her character on TV isnt serious about anything, Kateys music is very serious. She displays great ability to sing. She co-wrote every song on the album except Thunderhead (I Just Wanted a Little Rain). So Katey shows her ability to write music as well as to sing. One of the best songs on the album, Cant Hurry the Harvest, uses a metaphor as the title, which means you cant hurry love. In the song Dignity, Katey sings about never giving up and showing pride in everything you do. My personal favorite, I Dont Wanna Know, is about how her ex-lover is with someone new and she doesnt want to hear about it. All in all, Sagal is terrific on this album. So, dont judge her only as the air-head character on TV. We will write a custom essay sample on Well or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She shows great power and her music has definite award potential

10 Things to Know About Croesus of Lydia

10 Things to Know About Croesus of Lydia Croesus is just as famous for what he did, as for who he knew. He was connected with many other famous figures, including Aesop, Solon, Midas, Thales, and Cyrus. King Croesus encouraged trade and mining, and his resultant wealth was legendary - as was much of his life. 10 Points to Be Familiar With About Croesus Have you read Aesops fables about the clever and not-so-smart animals? Croesus gave that Aesop an appointment in his court.In Asia Minor, Lydia is considered the first kingdom to have coins and King Croesus minted the first gold and silver coins there.Croesus was so wealthy, his name became synonymous with wealth. Thus, Croesus is the subject of the simile rich as Croesus. One might say Bill Gates is as rich as Croesus.Solon of Athens was a very wise man who made laws for Athens, for which reason he is called Solon the law-giver. It was in conversation with Croesus, who had all the wealth he could want and was, seemingly, perfectly happy, that Solon said, count no man happy until his death.Croesus is said to have derived his wealth from King Midas (the man with the golden touch) gold deposits in the river Pactolus.According to Herodotus, Croesus was the first foreigner to come in contact with the Greeks.Croesus conquered and received tribute from the Ionian Greeks.Croesus tragically misinterpreted the oracle that told him that if he crossed a certain river he would destroy a kingdom. He didnt realize the kingdom that would be destroyed would be his own. Croesus was defeated by the Persian King Cyrus, proving how prescient Solon the law-giver had been.Croesus was responsible for the loss of Lydia to Persia [becoming Saparda (Sardis), a satrapy under the Persian satrap Tabalus, but with the treasury of Croesus in the hands of a native, non-Persian, named Pactyas, who soon revolted, using the treasury to hire Greek mercenaries]. This change led to conflict between the Ionian Greek cities and Persia aka the Persian Wars. Sources on Croesus and Solon Bacchylides,  Epinicians

Rivington Hospital Laundry Department Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rivington Hospital Laundry Department - Essay Example The existing budget is more than enough to demoralize her. This budget may cause some serious changes in the apparent behaviour of the laundry supervisor as she is not happy and satisfied with the way she has been held responsible for every cost of the laundry department. Different kinds of behaviours can be displayed by the laundry supervisor, the details of some of them are provided below: Quality Compromise The biggest change in the behaviour of the laundry supervisor would be shown in terms of the quality that she provides. After this performance report, her aim and objective would be to cut the cost and meet the targets specified in the budgets, and in doing so, if the quality of laundry service is compromised, she would not focus on it too much. After all, the administrators are more concerned with meeting the budgets, in this way the overall quality of the department may likely be hampered by such move of the administrators. Restricting the Activity Level Since the major cause of adverse variances in the existing budget is the increase in the activity level due to which more laundry services were provided and as a result the level of costs also increased in every manner, including the excessive cost of hiring an additional worker, therefore, the laundry supervisor would try to restrict the activity level to the budget level and may not provide the laundry services to the additional activity level so that the budgeted activity level should not be crossed. In this way, the excessive cost can be reduced which occurred as a result on increasing the actual activity level. This move would surely decrease the overall activity level of the hospital but result in meeting the budgeted costs. Falsification and Misrepresentation The laundry supervisor may also use some negative tactics in order to provide a better picture to the administration by reporting the falsified and misrepresented figures of the activities of the laundry department so that budgets can be ful filled accordingly. This step would cause the likelihood of frauds in the hospital. On a concluding note, if the administration is quite keen in getting the budgets fulfilled by the laundry department, it would have to include the laundry supervisor in budget setting activity so that a unanimous budget can be established which would surely be challenging but at the same time achievable to the laundry supervisor. b) Criterion for Variance Investigation The investigation of variance is undoubtedly an important objective of the organization such that the organization is more interested to find out the root cause of such variances. The variances may be either favorable or adverse in nature. The organization should focus on investigating both types of variances because generally the favorable variances are considered as good and they are not investigated but they have serious negative implications behind them. Managers normally try variances to be more favorable because in this way their performance would be marked high and they would be appraised on a better note. But on the other side of the picture, the favorable variances are pulled out deliberately by those managers such as hiring the low-skilled workers or even unskilled workers and purchasing the poor quality raw material etc. In this way, the favorable variances leave negative impacts and harm the overall organizational goals. The overall criteria to examine the variances should be based on the nature and

The benefits of nuclear energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The benefits of nuclear energy - Essay Example Bruno Comby considers that nuclear energy to replace the other energy sources especially fossil fuels including coal, natural gas and petroleum and in this way serve as a clean, safe, efficient and reliable energy source, whilst ensuring the conservation of the environment. Comby mentions that there are several renewable energy sources which are being tried out nowadays including wind, solar and tidal energy, but the same cannot be used to meet the mass requirements and with the global environment crisis may not be efficient to lower the carbon dioxide levels and control pollution. He considers that there would be no other alternatives but the use of nuclear technology. He also considers that the opposition to the use of nuclear technology for power generation would be the biggest mistake of human civilisation. Currently more than 85% of the world power is generated from fossil fuels. This releases huge amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. He feels that countries like Indi a and China which account for one-third of the earth’s pollution should take up a strategy to use nuclear fuel immediately and conserve the environment by prevention of using fossil fuels. Using wind power requires a several areas to be deforested and the use of bio fuel would have place additional pressure on the agricultural sector to produce yield for fuel. Comby also addressed the problem of nuclear accidents that have occurred in the USA (Three Mile Island 1979) and the Chernobyl incident in 1986 (USSR). He felt that though the Three Mile Island incident was hyped, it was a good example of how to prevent a nuclear disaster. On the other hand, regarding Chernobyl he felt that the same was avoidable if proper precautions had been taken by the Russian authorities. In all, he feels that in spite of the 2 major and a few minor incidents, there have been very few incidents with the use of nuclear energy for

Greed, Need and Money, Walter Williams Essay Example for Free

Greed, Need and Money, Walter Williams Essay In the article entitled, Greed, Need and Money, Walter Williams presents his take on the economics and logic of keeping CEOs highly paid. He essentially argues that these huge â€Å"golden parachutes† and corporate salaries are justified by return that these companies get in return. Just because a CEO gets a high salary does not mean that he does not deserve it or do anything to help the company recover that value. By comparing this to a simple supply and demand model, Walter Williams is able to show that the reason the salaries are so high is because the demand is high as well and supply is pretty scarce. One manner by which the mention of the word greed can be applied to the economic lessons that have been discussed is to juxtapose this to the application of greed as an economic theory. Greed can be said to be the primal instinct for self-preservation of people. In an attempt to protect one’s self, man seeks only to pursue his individual interests without care for the well-being of others. In relation to economics, this pursuit of individual interests is greed or the pursuit of economic self-interests, otherwise known as individual wealth accumulation. Greed as a driving force is not an entirely new concept as it was originally part of the Invisible Hand theory introduced by Adam Smith. The basic precept of the invisible hand is that in a free market a person who chooses to be greedy and pursue his own interests in invariably also furthering the good of the entire community. A perfect example is in a situation where a person seeks to maximize his personal profits in total disregard of other factors. By applying the Invisible Hand theory of Adam Smith, it can be shown that when the total revenue of society is calculated this becomes identical to the summation of the individual revenues of every member of that society. In order to arrive at a better understanding of how greed, which is a key concept under the Invisible Hand Theory, both drives and regulates capitalist markets, it is essential to have a brief discussion of the basic supply and demand model. This is because production is driven by the willingness of the seller to supply and the basic goal of every seller is to increase profits (greed). This can be understood from two approaches, however, the first being profit maximization through an increase in the volume of units sold (assuming ceteris paribus) and the second being profit maximization through a decrease in the cost of the factors of production which in turn increases the profit margins per unit sold. The basic supply-demand model becomes critical in this understanding because under the market model sales will only willingly occur at the equilibrium point. The price level of a good essentially is determined by the point at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded. The law of supply and demand predicts that the price level will move toward the point that equalizes quantities supplied and demanded. Greed is crucial in this sense because it is the basic assumption or behavior under this model. Without greed, there would be no drive for the individuals in society to pursue their own self-interests. The absence of this driving mechanism would mean that there will be no individual revenues and thus leading to the failure of the community revenue to equalize with its summation. This basically means that society’s scarce resources become more efficiently allocated through the regulatory nature of greed in capitalist markets. While the Invisible Hand theory has already been rejected as an acceptable economic model by the works of John Maynard Keynes and Milton Friedman, the more complex markets of today have shown that the pursuit of self-interests, while natural of human behavior, must be regulated by external systems in order to ensure a more equitable and efficient allocation of resources. This means that greed is not necessarily good in today’s current economic situation. As used in this discussion and in the article, this greed may not only be the effect of supply and demand but the pursuits of an individual’s self-interests for the improvement of the economic system.

Axiologie et Pédagogie du Droit :: French Essays

Axiologie et Pà ©dagogie du Droit ABSTRACT: Le droit, considà ©rà © comme un ensemble de rà ©gles-normes ayant force ogligatoire et contraignante, rà ©git les rappoerts entre les hommes dans une socià ©tà © donnà ©e. En mà ªme temps, il est porteur à   la fois de l'image d'organisation des rapports sociaux familiaux, à ©conomiques et politiques (structure de base de la società ©), et des valeurs. A ce titre, le droit constitue un type-idà ©al qui, inscrit dans les textes (droit positif-objectif) et enracinà © dans la conscience des individus, remplit les fonctions gà ©nà ©rales de la rà ©gulation sociale, de la rà ©solution des conflits, de l'intà ©gration sociale et de la reproduction des structures sociales. En suivant l'enseignement d'Aristotle, le droit en tant que và ©hicule de valeurs peut et doit contenir la valeur suprà ªme de la vertu qui est au principe du bonheur humain. L'État est, donc, tà ¢chà © d'enseigner moyennant la loi (droit positif) la vertu tant intellectuelle qu'à ©th ique. Ainsi, le droit devient un moyen d'à ©ducation et remplit, outre ses fonctions gà ©nà ©rales, les fonctions pà ©dagogique et axiologique en contribuant de cette manià ¨re à   la rà ©alisation du bonheur des citoyens, La vertu, incorporà ©e dans le droit, s'avà ¨re la condition sine qua non de l'actualisation de toutes les valeurs contenues dans le droit, telles que dà ©mocratie, libertà ©, justice sociale, respect de la personne et ainsi de suite. INTRODUCTION polla/ ga para touj e)qismouj kai th fu/sin pra/ttousi dia/ to lo/gon e)a peisqw=sin a)llwj e)xein be/ltion ARISTOTE, Polit., H 7, 1332b7-9 On dà ©finit d'habitude le droit comme un ensemble de rà ¨gles de conduite qui, dans une socià ©tà © donnà ©e, rà ©gissent les rapports entre les hommes de manià ¨re normative, obligatoire et contraignante. (1) Nà ©anmoins, dà ¨s que nous le traitons en tant que discours porteur de l'image organisationnelle du monde social et và ©hicule de valeurs, (2) ses fonctions sociales changent considà ©rablement, Étudier le droit dans l'ensemble de ses fonctions sociales tout en le rattachant au monde des valeurs, c'est quitter l'espace du positivisme juridique pour entrer dans celui de la sociologie et de la philosophie du droit, et rà ©pà ©rer les và ©ritables possibilità ©s du discours juridique. Ainsi, aprà ¨s avoir examinà © les fonction gà ©nà ©rales du droit (I), l'on passera à   l'à ©tude de ses fonctions axiologique et pà ©dagogique (II). Dà ¨s lors, le droit cesse d'à ªtre un instrument d'imposition d'une volontà © à   une autre à   l'aide de l'institution à ©tatique et devient un moyen civilisà © de faà §onner la conscience des hommes. I. LES FONCTIONS GÉNÉRALES DU DROIT Dans le droit est incorporà © l'image que les agents sociaux se font relativement à   l'organisation des rapports sociaux familiaux, à ©conomiques et politiques, qui constituent la structure globale (3) ou la structure de base de la socià ©tà © (4) et qui forment l'objet de la justice.

Abortion Policy and Its Consequences

Abstract In this paper I will discuss the most dominant trends in abortion reports in the modern age. We will discuss the issues of morality, health risks and benefits and socioeconomic factors that are a part of the abortion discussion. There is a great deal of evidence to suggest that the debate of the morality of abortion Is an ongoing and ever-evolving discussion. Some of the points made in the articles discussed are seen as unique or radical, while others are points that have lasted through time and are still strong and relevant today.This paper will analyze the current dialogue that s occurring within our scholarly journals across the globe, including points of view from Japan, Bangladesh, Australia and the United States. The key common point that is made throughout the literature is that despite local laws, religious beliefs, and services provided, women are still seeking and getting abortions. Abortion Policy and Its consequences By the sass's abortion was a very common proce dure. In an article by Alistair El- Muar, it is documented that more than one-third of Australian families were affected by abortion procedures in the sass's.There is a great deal of confusion surrounding he subject because, while abortion is legal in many countries, it is often not discussed, clinics are hidden or not made obvious of their location and purpose, and often times euphemisms are used such as â€Å"getting rid of† or â€Å"taking care of† a Japan, the topic of abortion has been more open for discussion; the subject that is taboo is oral contraceptive pills. While abortion is legal and available to women in Japan, the use of contraceptives – the pill and condoms – are used sparingly or only during â€Å"dangerous days,† when a woman is ovulating.However, this results in a spike in the number of unwanted abortions. Japan differs greatly from other countries such as the United States and Australia in that abortion is not seen as a poor ch oice, but, rather, a better choice than taking oral contraceptives. The legality of abortion varies across the globe. But one thing that has stayed consistent and universal over the past twenty years is the abortion rate. Whether legal or not, women are still getting abortions at the same rate in most countries.In El-Murmur's article â€Å"Representing the Problem of Abortion: Language and the Policy Making Process in the Abortion Law Reform Project in Victoria, 2008,† the recess of legislature reform is described in the light of allowing and extending abortion rights for women. El-Muar shows how the manner in which abortion issues are discussed are commonly over laden with vague language or language that emphasizes a moral bias rather than a logical, rational process of argumentation. Too often the lawmakers are distracted by the colorful language that tugs at heartstrings as opposed to carefully considering the soundness of the arguments being made.The essence of many argum ents is, â€Å"This is wrong because I believe it is wrong. † Legislators consider this – whether knowingly or not is unclear – as valid a mint as an argument in the form of, â€Å"The evidence I have presented proves my point because X, Y and Z. † El-Murmur's concern with the distraction and misrepresentation of issues is a valid point of concern. How can we make measured, calculated decisions for the entire country when such non-rational, non-linear argumentation is employed?While the representation of the issue is most likely going to go unresolved for many more years, the Australian government has already come to a conclusion regarding abortion policies. The legislature now indicates that the controversy over abortion is no longer a legal issue, but, rather, a medical issue. In 1992, the Women's Health Committee of National Health and d Medical Research Council (NRC) gathered an expert panel to review the data regarding abortion and the legality of th e procedure. The expert panel completed their report in 1996, concluding that abortion should be decentralized.However, the NRC rejected their report and argued in opposition – that abortion be illegal. The actual penal code stated that abortion was illegal and punishable by incarceration. However, in the majority of cases in which a woman had an abortion and was prosecuted, the defendants were acquitted due to the defense of necessity – the defense made a strong legal argument that the benefits of the procedure outweighed and Justified the illegal action. This dichotomy of code versus punishment has lead to a great deal of confusion among the Australian population.In 2008, the Abortion Law Reform Bill decentralized abortion for citizens of Australia. Not only did it make abortion a legal procedure, but the bill also extended the window of time in which a woman has the opportunity to receive abortion services after conception. Many who are opposed to this new reformati on believe ND bias without any strict, adhered-to guidelines. Now that abortion is no longer illegal, women are unafraid of punishment. However, there is still a great debate amongst medical professionals as to whether or not they are required to perform such a procedure Just because it is legal.Many doctors who are morally opposed to abortion are turning patients away, despite the new legality. The morality of abortion appears to be an even stronger determinant than the legality of the procedure. In fact, in Robert Audio's article, â€Å"Preventing Abortion as a Test Case for the Justifiability of Violence,† Audio argues that while abortion may be gal, and murder illegal, it is morally acceptable (and he extends this to â€Å"legally justifiable†) to prevent the instance of abortion by murdering the individual providing abortion services.While Audio's stance on abortion is clearly an oppositional one, his argument is not as clear or as understandable – despite one's personal views. In this mixed moral-legal discussion, Audio asserts that a would-be mother and her physician are guilty of murder/harm of the unborn child; while any individual who acts in violence toward either the would-be mother or the physician is morally innocent cause of a commitment to protecting the intrinsically innocent, the fetus.Whether it be a violent, harassing protest or actual physical harm done to an individual involved in providing abortion services, Audio argues that such behavior is morally justifiable and should not be punishable by law. Audio's article is a bitter scholarly attack on all women who receive abortion services and all professionals who provide the service. His unsettling discourse leads us to wonder if, under Audio's reasoning, women should fear being â€Å"Justifiably' killed for desiring or having an abortion.Due to Audio's article and the number of people in society who may agree with him, women who consider abortion services are traumati zed repeatedly before, during and after such a procedure is performed. To make the decision to terminate a pregnancy is traumatic enough. But Audio's suggestions are horrific extensions of an already difficult situation. Furthermore, Audio's language throughout the article is dry and attempts to come across as objective.Instead of using buzz words such as â€Å"God† and â€Å"the Bible† when discussing the religious immorality of abortion, Audio uses weaker trigger words such as â€Å"miracle,† â€Å"divine,† and â€Å"scripture† which do not immediately Jump out at the deader as overtly motivated by Christianity. Audio asserts that, regarding women who accept abortion services, â€Å"We can act wrongly – counterrevolution, one might say – even when we are within our rights† (Audio, 162). This shows the polarity of Audio's perspective with regards to the law and what is Just. On another religious path, F.Cam provides a new, uni que argument in favor of abortion. Gamma's qualitative discussion of the intrinsic value of life and the varying degrees of importance amongst living creatures is a perfect counter-argument to Audio's radical perspective. Cam points out that the reason there is such scrappiness between what one morally believes is right and what one might realistically do in instances that may necessitate abortion services is that â€Å"we believe in the sacredness of individual life (including early fetal life)† (Cam, 222).He argues that there is more human investment – intellectually and emotionally – in the mother, but the sacredness of both individuals – mother and fetus – is equal. Cam calls potential to suffer greatly or even die from a pregnancy that is carried to term, Cam asserts that the woman's death is worse – more undesirable – than if the fetus were ported. This follows a common belief that while no deaths are always preferable, one deat h is more preferable than two. If a mother were to suffer complications or die during childbirth, there would be a great likely hood of facing two deaths.Furthermore, Cam argues that women, as adults, have intrinsic, incremental objective value as well as intentions, goals, and rights. Whereas a fetus only has intrinsic, incremental objective value (sacredness). This argument is particularly moving in that it reflects that desire to promote the health and well being of the adult woman. Gamma's argument considers the quality of live that a woman facing the obstacle of abortion can potentially have due to the benefits that abortion procedures offer.Not many – and clearly no Audio's – arguments take into consideration the fact that once the ordeal is done, the woman's quality of life will be much better than if she had faced the risk of carrying a pregnancy to term and raising a child. Gamma's argument is unique and may even inspire changes within the church and within co mmunities in countries that are primarily Christian. A key deciding factor in the internal debate women face of whether or not to go wrought with abortion procedures is the different aspects of responsibility. In an article by Lawrence B.Finer, Lori F. Forthwith, Lindsay A. Dauphine, Seashell Sings and Ann M. Moore, 1,209 abortion patients were surveyed and interviewed regarding their reasons for choosing to have an abortion. Finer et al found that the results indicated that women today are much more concerned with their education and careers than what was previously understood. The majority of women – seventy-four percent of those interviewed – reported that a child would interfere with their education, their career, or the ability to care for pre-existing dependents.The next most common response – seventy-three percent of those interviewed – was that financial hardship and the inability to adequately provide for a child was the reason for terminating th eir pregnancy. The third most common deciding factor – forty-eight percent of those interviewed – was that the individual was going through relationship problems or was facing being a single mother. An analysis of the study participants showed that 40% of the women had decided that they were through with their childbearing years and wanted no more children.Thirty percent of the women stated that they had no children and were not ready to come mothers at this time. The researchers also found that the percentage of women who said that their reasoning for getting an abortion was because their parents or their partner wanted them to was less than one percent. Also, the issue of health – either that the individual was currently not in good health or that she feared a pregnancy would compromise her health – was rarely a concern. This study, both qualitative and quantitative, revealed a great deal about the population of women receiving abortion services today.T his article has helped to promote a better understanding and lessen the misconceptions of the concerns and oratories of women today. Also, we are able to see that in the majority of cases the decision to get an abortion is not a spontaneous decision, but, rather, a well thought out and planned decision that has been analyzed carefully by the individual. Women with regards to how a child would affect their quality of life and how their current lifestyle would affect a child's quality of life if the pregnancy were carried to term.From 1987 to 2004, the reasons for seeking abortion services have remained consistent and the data have changed little. In the debate of morality, it is notable hat women are consciously considering and reconsidering all aspects of this decision. The majority of the women interviewed in this study felt that they were making the best decision. While the consideration of one's education and career weigh heavily on women in America, the same factors are not as p aramount in other countries such as Japan.In a study by Going IMHO titled Can Have Abortions But No Oral Contraceptive Pills': Women and Reproductive Control in Japan,† the issue of eugenic abortions and unwanted pregnancies is illuminated in a new light. In Japan, a strong emphasis is placed on the natural remedies of the body and healing. Anything synthetic and unnecessary is considered toxic. This includes oral contraceptive pills. While condom use is publicly accepted as responsible and sufficient birth control, the use of condoms is not nearly as effective in preventing pregnancy as in the United States.This is because there is a common notion that condoms are only necessary on â€Å"dangerous days,† when a woman is ovulating and most likely to become pregnant (IMHO, 102). When intercourse is had on a day that is not considered â€Å"dangerous† condoms are rarely used. The legalization of abortion came about primarily in order o prevent extra-marital pregnan cies due to the large number of conceptions that occurred because of ineffective contraception use. Micro's quantitative report on the shocking number of abortions performed in Japan shows the striking cultural differences between eastern and western populations.In the post-World War II era in Japan, the desire for procreation and large families flipped to a preference for small families with only one or two children. The decision to proceed with a pregnancy or to terminate with abortion services was largely affected in this era by the advancement of medical science and eugenics. Thanks to new developments in medicine, women are able to have a portion of cells from the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus tested for genetic defects. In Japan especially, any birth defects – whether they be cystic fibrosis, Downs syndrome, or ATA-cash, etc. Are reason for serious consideration and formability of abortion. However, after a large population of women did decide to use oral contrac eptive pills after the development of a low-dose hormone pill, the number of abortions dropped significantly. Until these numbers decreased, ninety-nine percent of all abortions in Japan were done so legally under the Eugenic Protection Law. This law legalized induced abortions as early as 1948. In 1996, this law was renamed the Maternal Body Protection Law due too rise in opposition against eugenics.In 1955, Japan reported 1. 17 million abortions performed each year. This number slowly declined as condoms became widely accepted as proper contraceptive use and declined further after World War II and eugenics practices became the norm. In the sass's, a group led by Nook Moisakos called for the abolition of abortion laws and the cessation of access to oral contraceptive pills. While many agreed with their stance, Moisakos group was dismissed as radical, militant women's liberation activists. Many saw the pill as a step towards banning abortion.In her article, IMHO says, â€Å"Since t here is such and unfailing contraceptive such as the pill, abortions are no longer necessary' (IMHO, 101). Eugenics played a large role in the popularity of abortions in Japan. In Sabine Frustum's article â€Å"Women's Rights? : The Politics of Eugenic Abortion in Japan,† we are urged to despise the process of screening fetus for defects and the process of eugenic abortion. It is Frustum's position that the advancement of medical genealogy has launched a new era in abortion policy and has skyrocketed the number of abortions performed each year in Japan.While the numbers suggest that abortion rates have leveled and are fairly consistent year to year, Frustums makes a better argument for a negative disposition towards eugenics. For quite some time, as people watch the world of science grow and present new, unheard of feats, there has been concern over whether or not parents will eventually be able to biologically engineer the perfect child, taking all of the chance out of natur e's random order. This is a great concern of Frustum's as well – she calls this concept Freestanding† in its depravity.While many people in America see abortion as something that only affects the lower classes and the poor, Frustums emphasizes the opposite – that those with the financial means to screen their fetus for defects or diseases are the ones who are taking advantage of abortion services the most. However, Rachel K. Jones and her colleagues countered this idea by conducting a study entitled, â€Å"Patterns in the Socioeconomic Characteristics of Women Obtaining Abortions in 2000-2001 . † Jones et al. Adhered a representative sample of 10,000 women receiving abortion services ND analyzed their socioeconomic characteristics. In 2000, twenty-one in every one thousand women had an abortion. This ratio is startling in itself. Further analysis of their study participants gave more details as to the circumstances of our society. Jones et al. Found that t here was a higher rate of abortions amongst women who were between the ages of eighteen and twenty-nine, were unmarried, black or Hispanic, economically disadvantaged, had a previous birth, lived in a metropolitan area, and who were Christian.While there was an eleven percent decline in abortion dates from 1994 to 2000, the decline was mostly in women ages seventeen to twenty, and the rate actually increased amongst women who were poor or on Medicaid. Jones et al. Found that a high pregnancy rate is directly related to a high abortion rate. The researchers concluded that the only way to prevent abortion is to provide better opportunities for the lower classes in the forms of education and better health care.A decrease in unwanted pregnancies can be made possible by increasing awareness of, understanding of, and access to contraceptives – whether they be condoms, intrauterine devices, oral contraceptive pills, etc. Better health care for those who are struggling financially wo uld also provide better access to contraceptives. Similarly, because abortion services generally cost between $400 and $600, many women who are not in a financial position to afford professional services decide to obtain an abortion by other means. In an article by M.Bearer titled, â€Å"Making Abortions Safe: A Matter of Good Public Health Policy and Practice,† women are obtaining unsafe or unsanitary abortion Bearer analyzed the statistics of infection and mortality caused by improper abortion procedures. While the article partially encourages abortion and especially the equalization of such procedures, the emphasis of her article is on the health and safety of women. As many researchers have shown, the number of abortions that are performed is consistent across most countries, whether the process is illegal or not.Women are still resorting to abortion in times of unwanted pregnancy despite the possible legal ramifications. Server's stance is that with this in mind – that abortion is going to be a part of society whether we ban it or not – we might as well approve and legalize abortion so that women have the option of having the procedure done in a fee, clean environment rather than in a broken down storage shed by a man with a coat hanger.Abortion accounts for thirteen percent of maternal mortality (Serer, 580) and menstrual regulation (the process of removing the lining of a woman's uterus, similar to the natural menstrual cycle, to expel any implanted eggs, whether fertilized or not) is steadily increasing. In order to make abortion a completely safe procedure, we must first legalize abortion. Furthermore, training in abortion procedures should be required for all medical professionals – nurses, midwives, even pediatricians – and tot Just obstetrics and genealogy physicians, Bearer says.If we cannot legalize abortion, Bearer recommends at least reducing the punishment for those convicted of criminal abortion. Researchers Hide Bart Johnston, Elizabeth Oliver's, Sashimi Skater, and Diana G. Walker agree with Bearer in their article, â€Å"Health System Costs of Menstrual Regulation and Care for Abortion Complications in Bangladesh. † Johnston et al. Advocate for increasing education and awareness of menstrual regulation as a birth control method in order to bridge the gap between unwanted pregnancy and abortion.These researchers assert that menstrual regulation – a process similar to the implantation of an intrauterine device in which a physician inserts a tube into a woman's cervix and removes via vacuum the lining of the uterus – is cheaper for medical service providers than treating the complications of illegal abortions. When abortion procedures go wrong, complications are a serious drain on medical resources in Bangladesh. This technique has also lead to a decrease in maternal deaths and has improved the economic conditions in the health care sector.In addition to their anal ysis of cost data related to abortion complications versus menstrual regulation, Johnston et al. Emphasize that this method of menstrual regulation reduces unwanted pregnancies without abortion and the terrible consequences that come with substandard abortion services. It is a simple, fast procedure that sidesteps illegal abortions and which can be seen as an ethical middle ground between abortion and carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term. This procedure is legal in most countries that have banned abortion. Johnston et al. Advocate for improved education for women who may benefit from this procedure.The common theme amongst all of the articles we have discussed so far is that ore and better medical services should be available to women – whether it be to prevent unwanted pregnancy, to provide better care for pregnant women, or to provide abortion services. In a case study by Maharani Malaria, S. Sirius, and S. A researchers discuss the tragic case of a twenty-six year old wo man who received an ill-performed abortion by a man with a wooden stick. The woman came into the emergency room suffering from abdominal pain and a sever fever indicating infection. Septic abortion is a spontaneous, therapeutic or artificial abortion complicated by pelvic infection† (Malaria, 149). In India, twelve percent of maternal deaths are caused by septic abortion. After describing this horrific case, Malaria et al. Strongly recommend to the public that abortion policy be reviewed and legalized in order to prevent the instance of septic abortion. In an anonymous article titled â€Å"A Doctor Tells Why She Performed Abortions – And Still Would† and written under the pseudonym â€Å"Dry. X,† a female doctor describes why she refuses to stop providing abortion services.The number of providers of abortion services (that is, licensed and medically trained with sanitary facilities) has decreased from 2,680 in 1985 to 1,787 in 2005. And while doctors are r etiring, the new enervation of physicians are not being taught how to perform abortion services. As teaching hospitals have merged with religious institutions, abortion is no longer being taught to medical students. There are more than 1. 5 million abortions performed each year, making it the most common medical procedure in the United States. However, there are fewer and fewer providers of such services despite the consistent demand.This has resulted in more amateur providers conducting the procedure in less-than-sanitary conditions. Similarly, the aggressiveness and number of protesters outside of abortion clinics has risen to shocking levels. Instead of seeking out abortion services, women are hiding from the shame placed on them by these protesters, staying at home, and attempting to perform the procedures on themselves with reeds or knitting needles (Dry. X, 1265). According to Dry. X, the solution to this problem is, â€Å"All physicians who care for reproductive-age women sh ould have opt-out, rather than opt-in, abortion training† (Dry.X, 1266). This will encourage medical students to participate in the training rather than going through the process of opting out of the course. This is one realistic solution to the problem of declining numbers of abortion service revisers. However, the consensus still seems to be that the most important step for us to take is legalizing abortion and doing away with punishments for those who receive and perform abortion services. In an article posted in the London Lancet, titled â€Å"Abortion in the U. S. A. ,† the statistics of abortion in America are clearly outlined.Nearly half of all pregnancies are unintended. There are twenty-two abortions performed for every one thousand pregnancies. And while the legalization of abortion has changed over time and across cultures, the abortion incidence, rate and ratio have remained the same. Drug induced abortion is a new phenomenon that is peeking the interest of women all over the country. But these articles have left us wondering, is it better for women to experiment with chemicals and knitting needles than to provide professional abortion services? Where do our moral principles lie?Who is the priority in this situation: the health and lives of women all over the globe or unborn fetus that have not yet begun to experience life? While the morality issue is certainly one of open debate, there is a platform on which we all can agree – we must take provide care for all. The statistics have proven omen facing an unwanted pregnancy are still going to seek abortion services if they decide it is the only feasible option. The tone and primary focus of the scholarly journal articles reviewed here vary along a wide spectrum.